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Abstract

Digital technologies have become essential for participation in education, employment, governance, and social life. Despite rapid digital expansion, a considerable section of the population remains digitally excluded due to persistent socio-economic inequalities. This study examines the major socioeconomic determinants that contribute to digital exclusion, including income inequality, educational attainment, digital literacy, employment status, geographical location, gender, age, and social class. Individuals from economically disadvantaged backgrounds often face limited access to digital devices and reliable internet connectivity, while low levels of education and digital skills restrict effective technology use. Rural populations continue to experience infrastructural deficits that widen the digital divide. Additionally, socio-cultural norms and generational differences further influence patterns of technology adoption. The study emphasizes that digital exclusion is not merely a technological issue but a socio-economic one. Addressing these determinants through inclusive digital policies, affordable connectivity, digital literacy initiatives, and infrastructure development is essential to ensure equitable digital participation and sustainable socio-economic development.