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Abstract

India Stack is a population-scale Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) that has reshaped governance, service delivery, and economic participation in India. Built around digital identity, interoperable payment systems, and consent-based data sharing, India Stack enables secure, affordable, and transparent access to public and private services. By reducing bureaucratic barriers, minimizing leakages, and improving targeting, it has significantly expanded the reach of welfare schemes and financial services to marginalized communities, rural populations, and small enterprises. The governance of India Stack is guided by principles of openness, interoperability, privacy-by-design, and public–private collaboration. This article examines the governance framework of India Stack, its role in promoting inclusion, key challenges, and its relevance as a global model for inclusive and accountable digital public infrastructure.